Human Knowledge 人类的知识 fb2 免费 lrf 下载 kindle azw3 pdf 阿里云

‘The nearest thing to a systematic philosophy written by one who does not believe in systems of philosophy. Its scope is encyclopedic…a joy to read.’ – New York Times

His intelligibility comes of stating things directly as he himself seems them, sharply defined and readily crystallized in the best English philosophical style.’ - The Times Literary Supplement

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In this brilliant, provocative and controversial work, Russell questions the reliability of our assumptions about knowledge – how it is we come to know what we ‘know’ – and investigates the relationship between ‘individual’ and ‘scientific’ knowledge.

lNTRODUCTION BYJOHN G．S LATER

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

PART Ⅰ The World ofScience

1 IndividuaI and Social Knowledge

2 The Universe of Astronomy

3 The World of Physics

4 Biological Evolution

5 The Physiology of Sensation and Volition

6 The Science of Mind

PART Ⅱ Language

1 The Uses of Language

2 Ostensive Definition

3 Proper Names

4 Egocentric Particulars

5 Suspended Reactions：Knowledge and Belief

6 Sentences

7 External Reference of Ideas and Beliefs

8 Truth：Elementary Forms

9 Logical Words and Falsehood

10 General Knowledge

11 Fact，Belief,Truth，and Knowledge

PART Ⅲ Science and Perception

INTRODUCTION

1 Knowledge oF Facts and Knowledge of Laws

2 Solipsism

1 Probable Inference in Common．sense Practice

4 Physics and Experience

5 Time in Experience

6 Space in Psychology

7 Mind and Matter

PART Ⅳ Scientific Concepts

1 Interpretation

2 Minimum Vocabularies

3 Structure

4 Structure and Minimum Vocabularies

5 Time．Public and Private

6 Space in Classical Physics

7 Space-Time

8 The Principle of Individuation

9 Causal Laws

10 Space—Time and Causality

PART Ⅴ Probability

INTRODUCTION

1 Kinds of Probability

2 Mathematicaf Probability

3 The Finite—Frequency Theory

4 The Mises—Reichenbach Theory

5 Keynes’S Theory of Probability

6 Degrees of Credibility

7 Probability and Induction

PART Ⅵ Postulates ofScientific Inference

1 Kinds oF Knowledge

2 The Role of Induction

3 The Postulate of NaturaI Kinds

4 Knowledge Transcending Experience Causal Lines

6 Structure and Causal Laws

7 Interaction

　……

INDEX

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How do we know what we 'know'? How did we - as individuals and as a society - come to accept certain knowledge as fact? In "Human Knowledge", Bertrand Russell questions the reliability of our assumptions on knowledge. This brilliant and controversial work investigates the relationship between 'individual' and 'scientific' knowledge. First published in 1948, this provocative work contributed significantly to an explosive intellectual discourse that continues to this day.